Crash Attenuator

ABSTRACT

A crash attenuator for decelerating an impacting vehicle includes a first end that can be releasably secured to a vehicle, and a second end that is longitudinally spaced from the first end. The second end includes an impact member that is movable in the longitudinal direction from a pre-impact position to an impact position. At least a pair of deformable attenuator members are spaced laterally and extend longitudinally between the first and second ends. At least a portion of the attenuators are bent in a non-outboard direction when the impact member moves from the pre-impact position to the impact position.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.61/019,488, filed Jan. 7, 2008, the entire disclosure of which is herebyincorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

The present invention generally relates to a crash attenuator capable ofattenuating energy during a crash, and in particular, a crash attenuatorcoupled to a vehicle such as a truck.

Crash cushions, for example truck mounted attenuators (TMAs), arecommonly used to protect utility vehicles and workers engaged inroadside construction or maintenance, as well as the occupants of carstraveling on the roadways, in the event of a collision. TMAs aredesigned to safely stop an errant vehicle from an otherwise dangerousand potentially fatal collision with the rear end of an unprotectedutility vehicle. Typically, TMAs are secured to the rear of the utilityvehicle and cantilevered away from the vehicle in a rearward direction.In other embodiments, TMAs are configured as towable trailers.

One criteria for measuring the effectiveness of a TMA is through thecrash test specification outlined in the National Cooperative HighwayResearch Report 350 “Recommended Procedures of the Safety PerformanceEvaluation of Highway Features,” or NCHRP 350. Under the tests in thisspecification, an occupant of both light and heavy vehicles mustexperience less than a 12 m/s change in velocity (delta(Δ)V) uponcontacting the vehicle interior and less than a 20 g deceleration aftercontact.

Unlike ground mounted crash cushions, TMAs cannot rely on tracks,cables, or rails to help stabilize energy absorbing materials acting incompression. In the event the energy absorbing material should becomeunstable, the TMA's ability to effectively absorb energy could becompromised. Many prior art systems have employed large bearing areas orcollapsible frame linkages to prevent buckling of the energy absorbingmaterials as they are compressed during vehicle impact. However,collapsible frame linkages and the like can be complicated and expensiveto manufacture.

Furthermore, many existing TMAs create sharp metal debris, as a resultof the energy absorption process, that pose serious safety hazards toroadway workers in the vicinity of the TMA, as well as the driver andpassengers of the impacting vehicle. Thus, a need presently exists for acrash attenuator that meets the NCHRP 350 standards, is relativelyinexpensive to manufacture, and prevents debris from producing a hazardto roadway workers in the vicinity of the TMA, or to the driver andpassengers of the impacting vehicle.

BRIEF SUMMARY

In one aspect, a crash attenuator includes a first end adapted to bereleasably secured to a vehicle, and a second end that is longitudinallyspaced from the first end. The second end includes an impact member thatis moveable in the longitudinal direction from a pre-impact position toan impact position. The crash attenuator also includes at least a pairof laterally spaced deformable attenuator members extending in alongitudinal direction that, in one embodiment, have a circular crosssection. When a vehicle impacts the crash attenuator, at least a portionof the deformable attenuator members are bent in a non-outboarddirection as the impact member is moved from the pre-impact position tothe impact position.

In another aspect, a crash attenuator includes a first end adapted to bereleasably secured to a vehicle, and a second end that is longitudinallyspaced from the first end. The second end includes an impact member thatis moveable in the longitudinal direction from a pre-impact position toan impact position. The crash attenuator also includes at least one pairof spaced apart deformable attenuator members. The deformable attenuatormembers have a proximal end and a distal end. The proximal ends arepositioned downstream from the impact member in a longitudinallystaggered relationship when the impact member is in the pre-impactposition. When the impact member moves from the pre-impact position tothe impact position, at least a portion of the deformable attenuatormembers are bent in a non-outboard direction.

In yet another aspect, a crash attenuator includes a first end and asecond end that is longitudinally spaced from the first end. An impactmember is movably located at the second end. The crash attenuator alsoincludes an energy absorbing member disposed between the first andsecond ends. The energy absorbing member is configured to absorb energywhen the impact member is moved from a pre-impact position to an impactposition. The impact member includes an impact surface having asubstantially central portion lying substantially in a laterallyextending vertical plane, and opposite side portions that extendlaterally outward and longitudinally toward the first end from thecentral portion, such that each of the side portions is non-parallel tothe vertical plane.

In one embodiment, a crash attenuator includes a first end and a secondend that is longitudinally spaced from the first end. An impact memberis movably located at the second end. The crash attenuator also includesan energy absorbing member disposed between the first and second ends.The energy absorbing is configured to absorb energy when the impactmember is moved from a pre-impact position to an impact position. Atleast a pair of deforming members is coupled to each of the oppositesides of the impact member. Each pair of deforming members includes aninboard deforming member positioned adjacent to an inboard side of thedeformable attenuator member, and an outboard deforming memberpositioned adjacent to an outboard side of the deformable attenuatormember. The outboard deforming member is positioned longitudinallydownstream from the inboard deforming member.

A method of decelerating a vehicle with a crash attenuator includesproviding a crash attenuator that includes a first end that is adaptedto be releasably secured to a vehicle, and a second end that islongitudinally spaced from the first end and includes an impact member,at least a pair of laterally spaced deformable attenuator membersextending in a longitudinal direction, a deforming member that isdisposed around and engaged with a portion of at least one of thedeformable attenuator members, and a deflecting member disposed at thefirst end; impacting the impact member with a vehicle; deforming thedeformable attenuator members with the deforming member downstream ofthe impact member; and forcing the deformed attenuator members againstthe deflecting member, and thereby bending the deformable attenuatormembers in a non-outboard direction.

In another aspect, a method of decelerating a vehicle with a crashattenuator includes providing a crash attenuator including an impactmember, at least a pair of laterally spaced deformable attenuatormembers having a circular cross section and extending in a longitudinaldirection, a deflecting member, and a suspension member that is fixedlycoupled to the impact member such that it is movable with the impactmember; spacing the deformable attenuator members away from thedeflecting member, such that when a vehicle impacts the impactingmember, the first end does not immediately engage the deflecting member;impacting the impact member with a vehicle; and bending the deformableattenuator members when the impact member moves from a pre-impactposition to an impact position.

In another aspect, a crash attenuator includes a first end that issecured to a vehicle and a second end that includes an impact member andis longitudinally spaced from the first end. The crash attenuator alsoincludes a suspension member that is fixedly coupled to the impactmember and moveable therewith, and an attenuator member disposed betweenthe first and second ends. When the impact member moves from apre-impact position to an impact position, the attenuator member isconfigured to deform and thereby absorb energy.

The crash attenuator provides significant advantages over other crashattenuators. For example and without limitation, the deformableattenuator members provide the energy dissipation while also serving asthe framework for the attenuator, thereby reducing the cost andcomplexity of the system. In addition, the deformable members aredeformed, for example by shaping and/or bending, and are not severed orruptured into various pieces. As such, the system remains intact anddoes not produce loose road debris.

In one embodiment, the deformable members are deformed in a non-outboarddirection, such that they do not provide a snagging or spearingcomponent. In one embodiment, the staggered configuration of thedeformable members provides a more even ride-down distribution. Inaddition, the shape and configuration impact surface and member helps toensure that the central portion thereof is the first and primary area toengage an impacting vehicle, thereby reducing an eccentric loading ofthe laterally spaced deformable members.

The foregoing paragraphs have been provided by way of generalintroduction, and are not intended to limit the scope of the followingclaims. The presently preferred embodiments, together with furtheradvantages, will be best understood by reference to the followingdetailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanyingdrawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a first embodiment of a crashattenuator.

FIG. 2 is a close-up perspective view of an impact end of the attenuatorshown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 3A is a partially exploded perspective view of an impact membershown as viewed from the hitch end of the attenuator shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 3B is a partially exploded perspective view of the impact membershown in FIG. 3A, as viewed from the impact end of the attenuator shownin FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 is a partially exploded perspective view of the hitch end of theattenuator shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 5A is a perspective view of a downstream deforming structure asshown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 5B is a front view of a portion of the downstream deformingassembly shown in FIG. 5A.

FIG. 5C is a side view of a deforming member shown in FIG. 5B.

FIG. 5D is an alternative embodiment of the deforming member shown inFIG. 5C.

FIG. 6 is a close-up perspective view of the suspension assembly shownin FIG. 1.

FIG. 7 is a perspective view of the attenuator shown in FIG. 1 beforeimpact with a vehicle.

FIG. 8A is a top view of an alternative embodiment of a deflectormember.

FIG. 8B is a close-up perspective view of the alternative embodiment ofthe deflector member shown in FIG. 8A.

FIG. 9A is a top view of a second alternative embodiment of a deflectormember before impact.

FIG. 9B is a top view of the second alternative embodiment of thedeflector member shown in FIG. 9A after impact.

FIG. 9C is a partial perspective view of the second alternativeembodiment of the deflector member shown in FIG. 9B before impact.

FIG. 10A is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of a crashattenuator.

FIG. 10B is a top view of the alternative embodiment of the crashattenuator shown in FIG. 9A.

FIG. 11 is a top view of a fixed crash attenuator.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS AND THE PRESENTLY PREFERREDEMBODIMENTS

The term “longitudinal” refers to the lengthwise direction 1 between animpact end 120 and an attachment end 180 of a crash attenuator 100, andis aligned with and defines an axial impact direction generally parallelto the arrow 2 indicating the direction of traffic flow in FIGS. 1, 2,7, 10A, 10B and 11. The term “front,” “forward,” “forwardly,” andvariations thereof refer to the position or orientation relative to theattachment end 180, which connects the crash attenuator 100 to amaintenance vehicle 3 or the like, while the term “rear,” “rearward,”“rearwardly,” and variations thereof refer to the position ororientation relative to the impact end 120 of the crash attenuator 100,which receives an impacting vehicle. The term “downstream” refers to theposition or orientation moving away from the impact end 120 and towardthe attachment end 180 of the crash attenuator 100, while the term“upstream” refers to the position or orientation moving toward theimpact end 120 and away from the attachment end 180 of the crashattenuator 100. Therefore, for example, a component positioneddownstream of another component is closer to the attachment end 180, andvice versa, a component positioned upstream of another component iscloser to the impact end 120. The term “outboard” refers to thedirection or orientation towards the outermost edges of the crashattenuator 100, while the term “inboard” refers to the direction ororientation away from the outermost edges and towards the center of thecrash attenuator 100. The term “upper” refers to the vertical directionor orientation towards the top most edge of the crash attenuator 100,while the term “lower” refers to the vertical direction or orientationtowards the ground.

Turning now to the drawings, FIGS. 1-6 illustrate a crash attenuator 100incorporating preferred embodiments of this invention. Referring to FIG.1, the crash attenuator 100 includes guide collar assemblies 110, animpact end 120, deflecting members 130, a suspension assembly 140,wheels 150, deforming collar assemblies 160, a cross-brace assembly 170,an attachment end 180, and two laterally spaced pairs of deformableattenuator members 190. The lower laterally spaced pair of deformableattenuator members 190 includes proximate ends 194 and distal ends 196,while the upper laterally spaced pair of deformable attenuator members190 includes proximate ends 192 and distal ends 198. The attenuatormembers 190 are preferably long steel tubes having a 3 inch diametercircular cross section and 0.125 inch wall thickness. Of course, itshould be understood that the attenuator members 190 may be made fromother materials, such as aluminum, polymers, composites, or othersuitable materials having wall thicknesses greater or less than 0.125inches, as well as being configured with non-circular cross sectionalshapes such as square, rectangular, octagonal, and the like.

Referring to FIG. 2, the crash attenuator 100 further comprises axleanchor plates 242, inboard deforming members 212, and outboard deformingmembers 214. Preferably, the crash attenuator 100 includes two guidecollar assemblies 110. Each guide collar assembly 110 includes twoattenuator receivers 111. The attenuator receivers 111 include aninboard deforming member 212, and an outboard deforming member 214. Afastener hole 112 (shown in FIG. 6) is disposed on the inboard surfaceof each of the attenuator receivers 111.

Referring to FIGS. 3A and 3B, the impact end 120 comprises an impactmember 300 that is preferably 73.24 inches in width at its widest point.Of course it should be understood that the impact member 300 may bewider or narrower than 73.24 inches. The impact member 300 includes animpact surface 321 having a central portion 322 and side portions 324, aframe structure 325, inner attenuator guide members 326, and upper andlower attenuator guide members 328. The impact member 300 includesdeflecting members 130. Each deflecting member includes an input end 332and an output end 334. Preferably, the impact member 300 has fourdeflecting members, each deflecting member corresponding to andpositioned to engage a deformable attenuator member 190.

Referring to FIG. 4, the attachment end 180 of FIG. 1 comprises avehicle attachment assembly 400. The vehicle attachment assembly 400includes a vehicle hitch receiving member 484, deformable attachmentmember 482, upper attenuator member braces 498, and lower attenuatormember braces 496. Each of the upper and lower attenuator member bracesincludes a through bolt hole 492. The vehicle attachment assembly 400also includes two cross-brace attachment members 490, and a distal endsupport frame 410.

Referring to FIGS. 5A-5D, the deforming collar assemblies 160 of FIG. 1comprise a plurality of deforming members 510, a connecting member 520,a cross-brace attachment member 530, and a receiving collar 540. Thedeforming member 510 includes a leading edge 512 and a trailing edge514.

Referring to FIG. 6, the suspension assembly 140 includes an integratedsuspension axle 644, the axle anchor plate 242, a collar anchor plate660, and a collar receiver channel 670. The suspension assembly 140 alsoincludes a pair of wheel axles 648, and a pair of lever arms 646.

Referring to FIGS. 3A and B, the impact surface 321 is rigidly attachedto the rearward most face of the impact member 300, and is wide enoughto protect the maintenance vehicle 3 or the like towing the crashattenuator 100. The central portion 322 of the impact surface 321 liessubstantially in a laterally extending vertical plane tangent to therearward most surface of the frame structure 325. The central portion322 is preferably 24 inches wide and is preferably positioned such thatthe horizontal center of the central portion 322 coincides with thehorizontal center of the impact surface 321. Two side portions 324 ofthe impact surface 321 extend laterally outward from the outermost edgesof the central portion 322, and extend longitudinally toward theattachment end 180 from the central portion 322 such that they form anacute angle, preferably 30 degrees, with the vertical plane when viewedfrom above. Of course it should be understood that the central portion322 may be wider or narrower than 24 inches, and the side portions 324may be positioned such that they form an acute angle with the verticalplane that is greater or less than 30 degrees.

The impact surface 321 is attached to the frame structure. The framestructure itself is comprised of a plurality of tubular members,preferably having a square cross section, that are preferably rigidlyfixed to each other by welding. Of course it should be understood thatthe frame members may be solid or tubular members of any cross section,and can be fixed by chemical bonding, or mechanical connections such asbolts, screws or rivets as is known in the art.

In operation, the frame structure 325 acts as a lightweight, rigidsupport that resists deformation during impact, and provides reactionsurfaces for the deflecting members 130 and the impact surface 321.

The deflecting members 130 are preferably a continuously curved ¼ inchthick metal plate having a 16 inch radius, although other curvatureswould also be suitable, including various continuously curved, butnon-circular surfaces. Of course it should be understood that thedeflecting members may be metal plates having thicknesses greater orless than ¼ inch, and may also be made of materials other than metal,such as high density polymers, ceramics, or composites. Each of thedeflecting members 130 are attached to the frame structure 325 at theinput end 332 and the output end 334, but are preferably attached atmultiple points along the rear surface to the frame structure 325 toprovide a more supportive reaction surface for the deflecting members130 during impact. The input end 332 of the deflecting members 130 areattached to the frame near the outboard edge of the frame structure 325,while the output end 334 of the deflecting members 130 is attached tothe frame near the portion of the frame structure 325 supporting thecentral portion 322 of the impact surface 321. The output end preferablywraps around greater than 90 degrees, such that the output end isdirected at least partially in a downstream direction.

The upper and lower attenuator guide members 328 are rigidly attached tothe upper and lower edges of the deflecting members 130 as well as theframe structure 325. The inner attenuator guide members 326 are rigidlyfixed to the innermost edge of the upper and lower attenuator guidemembers 328, such that the inner attenuator guide members 326 and theupper and lower attenuator guide members 328 form a guide channel thatguides each of the deformable attenuator members 190 toward and alongthe curved surface of the deflecting members 130 when the impact surfaceis impacted by a vehicle.

Referring to FIG. 2, the guide collar assemblies 110 are rigidlyconnected to the impact end 120, preferably by a mechanical connectionsuch as bolts, screws or rivets, or by welding or combinations thereof.Specifically, the guide collar assemblies 110 are rigidly attached tothe upper and lower attenuator guide members 328. Of course, it shouldbe understood that the guide collar assemblies 110 may also be rigidlyattached by welding, bonding, or the like.

Each guide collar assembly includes at least one inboard deformingmember 212 and one outboard deforming member 214, both of which arerigidly attached to each of the attenuator receivers 111. Both theinboard and outboard deforming members 212 and 214 are preferablyinserted through slots cut into the attenuator receivers 111, and arethereafter fixedly secured thereto. The slots receiving the inboarddeforming members 212 are disposed on the inboard side of the attenuatorreceivers 111 toward the rearward end of the attenuator receivers 111,and adjacent to the corresponding deflecting member 130. However, theinboard deforming member 212 preferably does not extend beyond therearward most end of the attenuator receiver 111. The slots receivingthe outboard deforming members 214 are disposed downstream of theinboard deforming members 212 on the outboard side of the attenuatorreceivers 111.

Both the inboard and outboard deforming members 212 and 214 areconfigured to be inserted through the slots such that the deformingmembers 212 and 214 at least minimally engage the deformable attenuatormember 190 during impact. However, the degree of engagement between theinboard and outboard deforming members 212 and 214 may be tuned byincreasing or decreasing the depth of insertion, or the amount ofprotrusion into the interior space of the deformable attenuator member.Of course, it should be understood that the inboard and outboarddeforming member 212 and 214 may also be rigidly attached to the insidewall of the attenuator receivers 111, instead of inserted through aslot.

As shown in FIG. 6, the upper end of a collar receiving channel 670 isattached to the bottom of the guide collar assembly 110, while thebottom end of the collar receiving channel 670 is attached to the collaranchor plate 660. Each collar anchor plate 660 is rigidly secured to theaxle anchor plate 242 using mechanical fasteners such as bolts, rivets,or the like, or by welding or combinations thereof. The axle anchorplate 242 is attached to the suspension assembly 140. More specifically,the axle anchor plate 242 is attached to the integrated suspension axle644, preferably by welding, or with mechanical fasteners or combinationsthereof. In one embodiment, the suspension axle 644 is atorsion/suspension axle assembly, such as a TorFlex® axle, whichincludes a rectangular main axle, and a pair of wheel axles 648 securedthereto with a pair of lever arms 646 that rotate against a biasingforce created by a torsion spring. The wheels 150 are attached to thewheel axles 648. Of course, it should be understood that other axleconfigurations may be utilized, such as a rigid/straight axle, or othersuspension axles, including for example, and without limitation, leaf orcompression springs with dampening systems.

The wheels of the suspension assembly 140 are positioned near the impactend 120 to support the weight of impact member 300, and preventexcessive gyration/vibration/displacement while the crash attenuator 100is being towed by a maintenance vehicle 3 or the like.

As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the crash attenuator 100 preferably includestwo pairs of deformable attenuator members 190 having equal lengths. Inorder to maximize lateral stability during impact, each pair of thedeformable attenuator members 190 are spaced apart laterally such thatthe deformable attenuator members 190 are disposed at the outboard edgesof the impact member 300. The two pairs of laterally spaced deformableattenuator members 190 are also vertically spaced apart to increasestability. In a preferred embodiment, the two pairs of deformableattenuator members 190 are vertically spaced such that the verticalcenter of the combined deformable attenuator bending resistance isplaced approximately midway between the center of gravities of a smallcar fulfilling the 820C requirements of the NCHRP 350 test criteria, anda large vehicle fulfilling the 2000P requirements of the NCHRP 350 testcriteria. Of course, it should be understood that the deformableattenuator members 190 may be spaced laterally or vertically at anydistance within the crash attenuator 100.

Referring to FIG. 6, a threaded attachment member (not shown), such as ariv nut or weldnut, is attached near the proximate ends 192 and 194 ofthe deformable attenuator members 190. The threaded attachment member ispreferably attached at the same distance from the proximate ends 192 forthe upper laterally spaced pair of deformable attenuator members 190 andthe proximate ends 194 for the lower laterally spaced pair of deformableattenuator members 190. The proximate ends 192 and 194 of the deformableattenuator members 190 are partially inserted into the downstream end ofthe attenuator receivers 111. Each of the deformable attenuator members190 are attached to the guide collar assemblies by a single threadedfastener, that is of sufficiently low strength to shear off upon impactwith a vehicle. The threaded fastener is inserted through the fastenerhole 112 and threads into the threaded attachment member therebysecuring the deformable attenuator members 190 to the guide collarassemblies 110. The threaded fasteners preferably have a diameter of ⅜inches and are made of SAE J429 Grade 5 steel, but are not limitedthereto. When attached to the guide collar assemblies 110, the proximateends 192 and 194 do not contact the deflection members 130, andpreferably do not extend past the rearward most ends of the attenuatorreceivers 111 prior to impact, but rather are spaced downstream from theimpact surfaces of the deflection members.

In one embodiment, the proximate ends 192 of the upper pair of laterallyspaced deformable attenuator members 190 and the proximate ends 194 ofthe lower pair of laterally spaced deformable attenuator members 190 arespaced downstream from the input end 332 of the deflecting members 130at different distances, such that the proximate ends 192 are spaceddownstream of the proximate ends 194. In this embodiment, the fastenerholes 112 of the attenuator receivers 111 are spaced such that thefastener hole 112 corresponding to the threaded attachment memberattached near the proximate end 192 is disposed downstream of thefastener hole 112 corresponding to the threaded attachment memberattached near the proximate end 194.

In an alternative embodiment, the proximate ends 194 may be spaceddownstream of the proximate ends 192 with the corresponding fastenerholes 112 spaced accordingly. In yet another alternative embodiment, asviewed from the impact end 120 in the direction of traffic flow 2, theleft proximate end 192 may be spaced downstream of the right proximateend 192 of the upper pair of deformable attenuator members 190 and viceversa the right proximate end 192 may be spaced downstream of the leftproximate end 192. Additionally, the right proximate end 194 may bespaced downstream of the left proximate end 194 of the lower pair ofdeformable attenuator members 190, and vice versa, the left proximateend 194 may be spaced downstream of the right proximate end 194. Ofcourse it should be understood that any combination of offset spacing ofthe proximate ends 192 and 194 of the upper and lower deformableattenuator members 190 described above is possible.

This staggered fastener hole spacing simplifies manufacturing andreduces costs because four identically sized deformable attenuatormembers 190 having identical placement of the threaded attachmentmembers relative to the proximate ends 192 and 194 can be used toachieve the staggered spacing configuration between the upper and lowerpairs of deformable attenuator members 190. Of course, it should beunderstood that the staggered configuration of deformable attenuatormembers 190 can be achieved by spacing the proximate ends 194 downstreamof the proximate ends 192, spacing one of the proximate ends 192downstream of the other proximate end 192, or using deformableattenuator members 190 of different lengths.

Referring to FIG. 4, the distal ends 198 and 196 of the upper and lowerpairs of deformable attenuator members 190 extend longitudinally fromthe attenuator receivers 111 of the guide collar assembly 110 to theattachment end 180, and include vertical anchor holes (not shown).Specifically, the distal ends 198 and 196 terminate at and are rigidlyattached to the attenuator member braces 496 and 498. The attenuatormember braces 496 and 498, shown in FIG. 4, are disposed around thedistal ends 198 and 196, and include through bolt holes 492. Preferably,the deformable attenuator members 190 are attached to the attenuatorbraces 496 and 498 by inserting a ½ inch or similar bolt or connectingpin through the bolt holes 492 and the vertical anchor holes in thedeformable attenuator members 190.

The distal end support frame 410, which spans the lateral and verticaldistances between the attenuator braces 496 and 498, is attached to theattenuator braces 496 and 498. The rearward end of the two deformableattachment members 482 are rigidly attached near the outboard edges ofthe forward face of the distal end support frame 410, and extendinwardly downstream where they are attached to the vehicle hitchreceiving member 484. The vehicle hitch receiving member 484 isconfigured to releasably secure the crash attenuator 100 to amaintenance vehicle 3 or the like. Preferably, the vehicle hitchreceiving member is configured to be releasably rotatably secured to amaintenance vehicle's 3 towing hitch, and may include for example acomponent (not shown) adapted to engage a pintle hook or like couplingdevice.

Two cross-brace attachment members 490 are rigidly attached to theoutboard edges of the rearward face of the distal end support frame 410,and extend inwardly upstream. The forward most end of a cross bracemember 174 is attached to each of the cross-brace attachment members490, while the rearward most end of the cross brace member 174 isattached to the attachment member 530 of the deforming collar assembly160. The cross brace members 174 are preferably attached to theattachment member 530 with a bolt, or other mechanical fastener, or bywelding or combinations thereof.

Referring to FIG. 5, each deforming collar assembly 160 is disposedaround a pair of vertically spaced deformable attenuator members 190.The deforming collar assembly 160 includes two receiving collars 540.Each receiving collar 540 is disposed around the outer surface of one ofthe pair of vertically spaced deformable attenuator members 190. Theupper and lower receiving collars 520 are connected by and fixedlyattached to the connecting member 520. Each deforming collar assembly160 also includes a plurality of deforming members 510 configured toengage the deformable attenuator members 190.

The deforming collar assemblies 160 preferably include four deformingmembers 510 disposed along axes neutral to the bending moment resultingfrom the deformation of the deformable attenuator members 190 duringimpact. Each deforming member 510 has a leading edge 512 disposedupstream from the trailing edge 514. The portion of the deforming member510 that engages the deformable attenuator member 190 is preferablyformed in a ramp or semi-circular shape, as shown in FIGS. SC and 5D.The deforming members 510 are rigidly attached to the receiving collars540, and are preferably inserted through slots cut into the receivingcollars 540. The degree of engagement between the inboard and outboarddeforming members 510 may be tuned by increasing or decreasing the depthof insertion of the deforming members 510 into the receiving collars540. The two deforming collar assemblies are connected by a lateralbrace bar 172, which helps prevent the deformable attenuator members 190from buckling in the horizontal plane during impact. In one embodiment,only an upper and lower deforming member are attached to the receivingcollar, with the deforming members being vertically aligned along aneutral bending axis of the deformable member such that the deformationof the deformable members by the deforming members does notsignificantly modify the bending characteristics (moment of inertia) ofthe deformable member.

In operation, the crash attenuator 100 is attached to a receiver hitchlocated at the front or rear of a maintenance vehicle 3 or the like bythe vehicle hitch receiving member 484. This configuration allows thecrash attenuator 100 to be towed and rotated similar to a standardtrailer assembly. The attenuator braces 496 and 498 operate to restrainthe distal ends of the deformable attenuator members 190 in impact. Thecrash attenuator 100 is configured to attenuate crash energy fromvehicles traveling in the direction of traffic flow 2 that impact theimpact member 300 in an axial or offset direction.

In the event of an axial impact, the impacting vehicle primarilycontacts the central portion 322 of the impact surface 321. In an offsetimpact the vehicle primarily loads only one side of the central portion322 of the impact surface 321, but does not significantly load thecorresponding side portion 324. Because the side portion 324 is angledtoward the attachment end 180, offset impacts load the impact member 300more evenly, which reduces the eccentric effect on the crash attenuator100 and therefore results in a reduced bending moment applied to thedeformable attenuator members 190.

When a vehicle impacts the impact member 300, the impact forces theimpact surface 321 against the frame structure 325 and accelerates theentire impact end 120 and all the components rigidly attached thereto,including the impact member 300, the guide collar assemblies 110, andthe suspension assembly 140 in a longitudinal direction toward theattachment end 180.

The wheels, which are engaged with the ground, help guide the crashcushion in the longitudinal direction 2 during impact. Furthermore,because the suspension assembly 140 is rigidly connected to the impactmember 300 through the guide collar assemblies 110, the suspensionassembly 140 helps prevent the impact member 300 from being deflecteddownward during impact.

As the impact end 120 moves longitudinally toward the attachment end180, the threaded fasteners connecting the deformable attenuator members190 to the guide collar assemblies 110 are sheared off by the attenuatorreceiver 111, thereby decoupling the deformable attenuator members 190from the attenuator receivers 111. Of course it should be understoodthat the threaded fasteners may be decoupled by means other thanshearing, such as ejecting the threaded fastener. The impact end 120then moves along the deformable attenuator members 190, which areconnected to the maintenance vehicle 3 by the attachment end 180, andthus remain stationary.

Once the attenuator receivers 111 have become decoupled from thedeformable attenuator members 190, the attenuator receivers 111 movealong the deformable attenuator member 190 as the impact member 300 isforced towards the attachment end 180 by the impacting vehicle. As theattenuator receivers 111 move along the deformable attenuator members190, the inboard and outboard deforming members 212 and 214 engage thedeformable attenuator member 190, which has a stabilizing effect on thedeformable attenuator members 190. In the event the impact member 300rotates due to the impact force, for example in the event of an offsetimpact, the inboard and outboard deforming members 212 and 214 areconfigured to engage the deformable attenuator member 190 on the side ofthe offset impact. This engagement introduces a corresponding deformingforce in the deformable attenuator member 190 closest in proximity tothe rotational moment source, without increasing force in the otherdeformable attenuator members 190. As such, the impact member tends tomove uniformly along both sets of deformable attenuator members. Duringthis initial stage of impact, the deformable attenuator members 190 arespaced away from the deflecting member 130 and the decelerating forceexerted on the vehicle by the crash attenuator 300 is substantiallylimited to the acceleration of the mass of the impact end 120, includingthe suspension assembly 140 and impact member 300. Thus, the vehicle andits occupants are subjected to an acceptable delta V, as specified inthe NCHRP 350 specification.

As the attenuator receivers 111 continue to move longitudinallydownstream, the proximate ends 194 of the deformable attenuator members190, which are spaced closest to the deflecting members 130 move alongthe upper and lower attenuator guide members 326 and contact the inputend 332 of the continuously curved surface of the deflecting member 130.As the proximate ends 194 of the deformable attenuator members 190 movealong the surface of the deflecting member 130, the lower pair ofdeformable attenuator members 190 is bent inwardly, thereby absorbingenergy. Preferably, the bending forces cause the deformable attenuatormembers 190 to kink at set intervals, which produces a continuouscurling affect as the attenuator receivers 111 move longitudinallydownstream towards the attachment end 180. Each time a deformableattenuator member 190 kinks, it results in a spike in energy absorption,which results in a spike in ridedown g for the impacting vehicle and itsoccupants. In one embodiment, the deformable attenuator members kink at12 inch intervals, with the ends of the deformable members beinglongitudinally staggered or offset from each other at a distance of 6inches.

Shortly after the proximate ends 194 of the lower pair of deformableattenuator members 190 contact the deflecting member 130, the proximateends 192 of the upper pair of deformable attenuator members 190 contactthe deflecting member 130. The upper pair of deformable attenuatormembers 190 is bent inwardly in the same manner described above withregard to the lower pair of deformable attenuator members 190. Becausethe deformable attenuators 190 kink at set intervals, by staggering thespacing of the proximate ends 192 and 194 from the deflecting member 130only two deformable attenuator members 190 will kink at any given time.Therefore, in this staggered configuration the vehicle and its occupantswill only experience a decelerating force equal to the energy absorbedby kinking one pair of deformable attenuator members 190 at any giventime. Of course it should be understood that the positioning of theproximate ends 192 and 194 is not limited to the staggered configurationdescribed above and any configuration of the left and right proximateends 192 and 194 of the upper and lower pairs of deformable attenuatormembers 190 such that two of the proximate ends 192 or 194 are spaceddownstream from the remaining two proximate ends 192 or 194 may be used.

In operation, the cross-brace assembly 170 is configured to increase thelateral rigidity of the crash attenuator 100 and prevent inboard oroutboard buckling due to the bending moment exerted on the deformableattenuator members 190 during bending. The cross-brace assembly 170 alsoreduces the effective length of the deformable attenuator members 190thereby reducing the tendency to buckle due to a compression load as thedeformable attenuator members 190 are deformed during impact.

In the case of a small vehicle impact, the impacting vehicle isdecelerated within the NCHRP 350 specification limits prior to theimpact end 120 contacting the cross-brace assembly 170. Thus, thecross-brace assembly 170 is not configured to deform under a smallvehicle impact. However, the cross-brace assembly 170 is configured todeform under an axial or offset impact by a large vehicle.

When a large vehicle fulfilling the 2000P requirements of the NCHRP 350test criteria impacts the crash attenuator 100, the initial stages ofcrash attenuation and energy absorption are identical to those describedabove. However, during a large vehicle impact, the forward most end ofthe attenuator receivers 111 contact the rearward most face of thereceiving collar 540 and with enough force to accelerate the cross-braceassembly 170 toward the attachment end 180. This in turn causes theleading edge 512 of the deforming members 510 to engage the deformableattenuator members 190. As the attenuator receivers 111 continue to movelongitudinally downstream, the deformable attenuator members 190 areincreasingly deformed as the outer surface of the deformable attenuatormembers 190 travels along the surface of the deforming members 510 fromthe shallow leading edge 512 to the deeper trailing edge 514. Becausethe deforming collar assemblies 160 are rigidly connected to thecross-brace members 174, the cross-brace members 174 are also configuredto deform as the deforming collar assemblies 160 are forced downstreamtoward the attachment end 180.

The deformable attachment members 482 of the attachment end 180 areconfigured to remain rigid during both small and large vehicle axialimpacts. However, during an offset large vehicle impact, the deformableattachment members 482 are configured to deform, preferably in an upwarddirection. This deformation of the deformable attachment members 482causes the vehicle attachment assembly 400 to hinge about the hitchmount of the maintenance vehicle 3, and allows the crash attenuator 100to pivot away from the vehicle and direct the impacting vehicle awayfrom the maintenance vehicle 3.

FIG. 7 illustrates an alternative embodiment of the crash attenuator 100that further comprises secondary deformable attenuator members disposedwithin the deformable attenuator members 190. The secondary deformableattenuator members 790 are deformable members having an outer diameterthat is small enough to fit inside the deformable attenuator members190. Preferably, the secondary deformable attenuator members 790 aremetal tubes having a circular cross section and an outer diameter thatis a predetermined amount less than the inner diameter of the deformableattenuator members 190. Of course, it should be understood that thesecondary deformable attenuator members 790 may be solid or hollowstructures, and may be made of metal, polymers, composites, or othersuitable energy absorbing materials.

The secondary deformable attenuator members have proximate ends 792 and794 and distal ends 796 and 798. The proximate ends 792 and 794 of thesecondary deformable attenuator members 790 are inserted at the distalends 196 and 198 of the deformable attenuator members 190, and may beevenly spaced, or staggered to mirror the ridedown g spikes in a mannerthat is consistent with the deformable attenuator members 190. Thesecondary deformable attenuator members 790 are preferably shorter inlength than the deformable attenuator members 190. The distal ends 796and 798 of the secondary deformable attenuator members 790 are coupledto the distal ends of the deformable attenuator members 196 and 198.Thus in this alternative embodiment of the crash attenuator 100, thedeformable attenuator members 190 include a secondary deformableattenuator member 790 disposed within and extending partially down thelongitudinal length of the deformable attenuator members 190.

Preferably, each of the secondary attenuator members 790 are the samelength, and thus extend down the deformable attenuator members 190 anequal distance. The portion of the deformable attenuator members 190extending past the proximate ends 792 and 794 of the secondarydeformable attenuator members 790, defines a first energy absorptionzone (Z1), while the portion of the deformable attenuator members 190extending from the distal ends 798 and 796 to the proximate ends 792 and794 of the secondary deformable attenuator members 790 defines a secondenergy absorption zone (Z2), which absorbs more energy than the firstenergy zone (Z1).

In operation, the alternative embodiment absorbs energy through the samebending and deforming mechanisms described above with regard to thecrash attenuator 100 of FIG. 1. However, when the proximate ends 792 and794 contact the input end 332 of the continuously curved surface of thedeflector member 130, the total energy absorption of the crashattenuator 100 is increased by the additional energy required to bendthe secondary deformable attenuator members 790 disposed within thedeformable attenuator members 190. Additional energy is absorbed in likefashion when the attenuator receivers 111 contact the deforming collarassemblies 160 and cause the leading edge 512 of the deforming members510 to engage the deformable attenuator member 190 to the extentdeforming members 510 also deform the secondary deformable attenuatormembers 790.

FIGS. 8A-9C illustrate alternative embodiments of the deflecting member130. FIG. 8A illustrates a top view of a bending pipe 830, and FIG. 8Billustrates a perspective view of the bending pipe 830. In FIGS. 8A-8B,the deflecting member is a bending pipe 830 having a continuously curvedradius and an inner diameter larger than the outer diameter of thedeformable attenuator members 190. The bending pipe 830 has an inlet end832 and an outlet end 834 that bends inward toward the center of thecrash attenuator.

When the deformable attenuator member 190 is forced through the bendingpipe 830, the outer surface of the deformable attenuator member contactsthe inlet end 832 marking the beginning of the inward bend. As thedeformable attenuator member 190 is forced through the bending pipe 830,the deformable attenuator members 190 deform along the inside surface ofthe bending pipe and exit at the outlet end 834 of the bending pipe 830.Because the deformable attenuator member 190 is forced to follow thecontinuously curved radius of the bending pipe 830, the deformableattenuator member emerges from the bending pipe 830 having a radiussubstantially equivalent to the radius of the bending pipe 830. Theoutlet end can extend greater than 90 degrees such that it is at leastpartially directed downstream.

FIG. 9A illustrates a top view of a deforming deflecting member 930prior to impact. FIG. 9B illustrates a top view of the deformingdeflecting member 930 after impact. FIG. 9C illustrates a perspectiveview of the deforming deflecting member 930 prior to impact. Thedeforming deflecting member 930 includes an input end and an output endthat are connected by a straight linear face creating an obtuse anglewith the longitudinal axis of the deformable attenuator member 190. Thestraight deflecting face 910 of the deforming deflecting member 930 hasa height that is less than the diameter of the deformable attenuatormember 190 and is positioned such that the vertical center of thedeflecting face 910 is in line with the central axis of the deformableattenuator member 190.

When the deformable attenuator member 190 is forced against the inputedge 932 of the deforming deflecting member 930, the outer surface ofthe deformable attenuator member 190 contacts the straight deflectingface 910 and causes the deformable attenuator member 190 to deforminwardly and thereby absorb energy.

FIGS. 10A and 10B illustrate another alternative embodiment of the crashattenuator 100. The crash attenuator 1000 includes essentially the sameelements as the crash attenuator 100 but arranged in a flip-floppedconfiguration with the proximate ends 192 and 194 of the deformableattenuator members 190 rigidly attached to the impact end 120, and thedeflecting members 130 rigidly attached to the attachment end 180.

In the crash attenuator 1000, when a vehicle impacts the impact end 120,it accelerates the mass of the impact end 120, and all the componentsrigidly attached thereto, including the deformable attenuators 190, thecross brace assembly 170, and the suspension assembly 140. The distalends 196 and 198 of the deformable attenuator members 190 are spacedlongitudinally upstream from the deflecting members 130 in thepre-impact position. Preferably, the distal ends of the upper and lowerlaterally spaced deformable attenuator members 190 are staggeredupstream from the deflecting members 130, as described above with regardto FIGS. 1-6. The guide collar assemblies 110, including the attenuatorreceivers 111 and inboard and outboard deforming members 212 and 214 arerigidly attached to an attachment end frame assembly 1025. A lateralbrace 1010 extends laterally between and connects the two guide collarassemblies 110 and helps prevent inboard and outboard buckling duringimpact.

As the impact end 120 moves downstream toward the attachment end 180,the distal ends 196 and 198 of the deformable attenuator members 190engage the inboard and outboard deforming members 212 and 214 of theguide collar assemblies 110, which are attached to an attachment endframe assembly 1025. The distal ends 196 and 198 then contact the inputend 332 of the deflecting members 130 and travel along the continuouslycurved surface to the output end 334, which causes the deformableattenuator members 190 to bend inward.

During a large vehicle impact, the impact end 120 forces the forward endof the deforming collar assemblies 160 against the rearward end of theattenuator receivers 111, which causes the deforming members 510 toengage the deformable attenuator members 190.

Alternatively, the crash attenuator 1000 may also incorporate secondarydeformable attenuator members 790 disposed within the deformableattenuator members 190 as described above with regard to FIG. 7. In thisconfiguration, the proximate ends 792 and 794 are coupled to theproximate ends 192 and 194, and extend partially down the length of thedeformable attenuator members 190 in a longitudinally downstreamdirection toward the attachment end 180. As the impact end 120 movestoward the attachment end 180 the secondary deformable attenuatormembers are deformed as described above with regard to FIG. 7

FIG. 11 illustrates a fixed anchor embodiment of a crash attenuator. Thecrash attenuator 1100 includes an impact member 1120, deflecting members1130, attenuator receivers 1110, a cross brace assembly 1170, deformingcollar assemblies 1160, and deformable attenuator members 1190 havingdistal ends 1196 and proximate ends 1192 that are spaced longitudinallydownstream of the deflecting members 1130. The impact member includes acentral portion 1122 and two side portions 1124 adjacent to the centralportion 1122 and extending longitudinally toward the distal end 1196 ofthe deformable attenuator members 1190, such that the side portions 1124are not parallel with the central portion 1122. The deforming collarassemblies include deforming members 1140. Each attenuator receiver 1110includes an inboard deforming member 1112 and an outboard deformingmember 1114.

The impact member 1120 is rigidly attached to the deflecting member 1130and the attenuator receivers 1110. The distal ends 1196 of thedeformable attenuator members 1190 are rigidly attached to an anchorsurface 1180, such as a wall, or other immovable object secured to theground, or the rear end of a stationary support vehicle. The proximateends 1192 of the deformable attenuator members 1190 are attached to theattenuator receivers 1110 with a shearable fastener 1150. The front endsof the cross brace assembly 1170 are attached to the anchor surface 1180near the distal end 1196 of the deformable attenuator members 1190,while the rear ends of the cross brace assembly 1170 are attached todeforming collar assemblies 1160 disposed around the deformableattenuator members 1190. The deforming members 1140 are attached to thedeforming collar assemblies 1160, and are configured to engage thedeformable attenuator member 1190 during impact.

When a vehicle contacts the impact member 1120, the impact member 1120is accelerated toward the anchor surface 1180. This movement forces theshearable fastener 1150 to shear off, and allows the inboard andoutboard deforming members 1112 and 1114 to engage the deformableattenuator members 1190. As the impact member 1120 travels toward theanchor surface 1180, the proximate ends 1192 of the deformableattenuator members 1190 contact the deflecting member 1130. Thedeformable attenuator members 1190 are then bent inward as the proximateends 1192 are forced along the continuously curved surface of thedeflecting members 1130.

As the forward surface of the attenuator receiver 1110 contacts therearward surface of the deforming collar assemblies 1160, the deformingcollar assemblies are forced downstream toward the anchor surface 1180,which causes the deforming members 1140 to engage the deformableattenuator members 1190.

Although the present invention has been described with reference topreferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize thatchanges may be made in form and detail without departing from the spiritand scope of the invention. As such, it is intended that the foregoingdetailed description be regarded as illustrative rather than limitingand that it is the appended claims, including all equivalents thereof,which are intended to define the scope of the invention.

1. The crash cushion of claim 37 wherein said energy absorbing membercomprises: at least a pair of laterally spaced deformable attenuatormembers extending in a longitudinal direction, wherein at least aportion of said deformable attenuator members are bent in a non-outboarddirection as said impact member is moved from said pre-impact positionto said impact position.
 2. The crash attenuator of claim 1, furthercomprising a cross-brace frame, wherein said cross-brace frame iscoupled to said deformable attenuator members at an intermediate portionthereby reducing the effective column length of the deformableattenuator members.
 3. (canceled)
 4. The crash attenuator of claim 1,wherein the first end adapted to be releasably secured to a vehiclecomprises a deformable attachment member configured to deform in anon-outboard direction when said impact member is loaded unevenly. 5.The crash cushion of claim 1, further comprising at least a pair ofdeforming members coupled to opposite sides of said impact member, eachof said pair of members comprising an inboard deforming memberpositioned adjacent to an inboard side of one of said deformableattenuator members and an outboard deforming member positioned adjacentto an outboard side of said one of said deformable attenuator members,wherein said outboard deforming member is positioned longitudinallydownstream from said inboard deforming member.
 6. The crash attenuatorof claim 1, further comprising a deforming member engaged with at leasta portion of one of said deformable attenuator members downstream ofsaid impact member.
 7. (canceled)
 8. The crash attenuator of claim 6,wherein said deforming member comprises at least one shaping memberengaging said at least a portion of said one of said deformableattenuator members, wherein said shaping member is positioned along anaxis neutral to the bending moment resulting from said bending of saidone of said deformable attenuating members in said non-outboarddirection.
 9. The crash attenuator of claim 1, wherein said at leastsaid pair of laterally spaced deformable attenuator members comprises afirst pair of laterally spaced deformable attenuator members verticallyspaced from a second pair of laterally spaced deformable members. 10.The crash attenuator of claim 9, wherein each of said vertically spaceddeformable attenuator members have a proximal end and a distal end,wherein said proximal ends of said first and second pairs of deformableattenuator members are staggered at different distances from said inputportion of said at least one deflecting member.
 11. The crash attenuatorof claim 1, further comprising a secondary deformable attenuator memberdisposed within one of said deformable attenuator members and extendingin a longitudinal direction, wherein at least a portion of saidsecondary deformable attenuator member is configured to bend when saidimpact member is moved from said pre-impact position to said impactposition.
 12. The crash attenuator of claim 1, wherein said secondarydeformable attenuator member is shorter in length than said one of saiddeformable attenuator members.
 13. The crash attenuator of claim 1,further comprising a suspension member rigidly connected to said impactmember, wherein said suspension member comprises a wheel configured toengage the ground.
 14. A crash cushion comprising: a first end; animpact member movably located at a second end and longitudinally spacedfrom said first end, said impact member comprising at least onedeflecting member having an input potion and an output portion; anenergy absorbing member disposed between said second end and said firstend, and configured to absorb energy when said impact member is movedfrom a pre-impact position to an impact position located toward saidfirst end, said energy absorbing member comprising at least onedeformable attenuator member extending in a longitudinal direction,wherein said deformable attenuator member moves along said at least onedeflecting member from said input portion to said output portion as saidimpact member is moved from said pre-impact position to said impactposition and an impact surface located on said impact member, whereinsaid impact surface comprises a substantially central portion lyingsubstantially in a laterally extending vertical plane and opposite sideportions extending laterally outward and longitudinally toward saidfirst end from said central portion such that each of said side portionsis non-parallel to said vertical plane.
 15. (canceled)
 16. The crashattenuator of claim 14 wherein said deflecting member comprises acontinuously smoothly curved surface configured to engage saiddeformable attenuator member when said impact member is moved from saidpre-impact position to said impact position.
 17. The crash attenuator ofclaim 16, wherein said deformable attenuator member has a proximal endand a distal end, wherein said proximal end is longitudinally spaceddownstream from said deflecting member, and said distal end islongitudinally spaced downstream of said proximal end.
 18. The crashattenuator of claim 17, wherein said at least one deformable attenuatormember comprises a pair of deformable attenuator members wherein saidproximal ends of said deformable attenuator members are staggered atdifferent distances from said input portion of said at least onedeflecting member.
 19. The crash attenuator of claim 14, wherein said atleast one deflecting member is a bending tube that is disposed around atleast a portion of said deformable attenuator member, and said outputportion of said bending tube is non-parallel to said inlet portion ofsaid bending tube. 20-22. (canceled)
 23. The crash attenuator of claim14, wherein said at least one deflecting member is a deforming memberhaving a leading edge at said input portion and a trailing edge at saidoutput portion, wherein said leading edge is non-parallel to saidtrailing edge. 24-36. (canceled)
 37. A crash cushion comprising: a firstend; an impact member movably located at a second end and longitudinallyspaced from said first end; an energy absorbing member disposed betweensaid second end and said first end, and configured to absorb energy whensaid impact member is moved from a pre-impact position to an impactposition located toward said first end; an impact surface located onsaid impact member; wherein said impact surface comprises asubstantially central portion lying substantially in a laterallyextending vertical plane, and opposite side portions extending laterallyoutward and longitudinally toward said first end from said centralportion such that each of said side portions is non-parallel to saidvertical plane.
 38. The crash cushion of claim 37, wherein said firstend is configured to be releasably secured to a vehicle.
 39. The crashcushion of claim 37, wherein said first end is configured to be fixedlysecured to a vehicle.
 40. The crash cushion of claim 37, wherein saidfirst end is configured to be fixedly secured to an immovable surface.41-51. (canceled)
 52. A method of decelerating a vehicle with a crashattenuator, said method comprising: providing a crash attenuatorcomprising an impact member and an energy absorbing member, wherein saidimpact member has an impact surface comprising a substantially centralportion lying substantially in a laterally extending vertical plane, andopposite side portions extending laterally outward and longitudinallyaway from said central portion such that each of said side portions isnon-parallel to said vertical plane; impacting said central portion ofsaid impact member with said vehicle; and decelerating said vehicle withsaid energy absorbing member.